Do Peru's potatoes have the right stuff?
That's the question scientists will be asking in Lima next month,
when a selection of tubers will begin undergoing tests to determine
whether they're fit to grow on Mars.
NASA, the US space agency, is conducting the pioneering experiment together with Lima's International Potato Center (CIP).
They will cultivate a hundred selected varieties already subjected to
rigorous evaluation in extreme, Mars-like conditions that could
eventually pave the way to building a dome on the Red Planet for farming
the vegetable.
The selection was made from a total of 4,500 varieties registered at
CIP, a nonprofit research facility that aims to reduce poverty and
achieve food security.
Of the selected candidates, 40 are native to the Andes Mountains,
conditioned to grow in different ecological zones, withstand sudden
climate changes and reproduce in rocky, arid terrain.
The other 60 are improved varieties able to survive with little water and salt. They are also immune to viruses.
Those that pass the tests must meet a final criterion -- they must be
able not only to grow well on Mars but also reproduce in large
quantities.
"We're almost 100 percent certain that many of the selected potatoes
will past the tests," said Julio Valdivia Silva, a Peruvian NASA
astrobiologist who is taking part in the ambitious project.
The scientists hope the experiment will also help address the earthly
scourges of hunger and malnutrition by identifying varieties suited to
growing in harsh conditions.
"We must be prepared for the future," said virologist Jan Kreuze, a
scientist at CIP. "To respond to desertification, rising temperature and
high salt content in the soil."
This
NASA image obtained October 9, 2015 shows a view from the "Kimberley"
formation on Mars taken by NASA's Curiosity rover. The strata in the
foreground dip towards the base of Mount Sharp, indicating flow of water
toward a basin that existed before the larger bulk of the mountain
formed. Photo: AFP
Vegetable of the future
The soil in La Joya Pampas -- a sector of the Atacama Desert in
southern Peru that's considered one of the driest places on earth -- is
very similar to that found on the Red Planet.
The scientists plan to transport 200 pounds (100 kilos) of it to a
CIP laboratory in Lima that will simulate the complex Martian atmosphere
-- which contains mostly carbon dioxide -- and expose it to extreme
ultraviolet radiation.
"We'll have more concrete results in one or two years, Valdivia said,
adding that it will take more than five years to launch an unmanned
mission to Mars.
The potential future space crop is also one of the oldest.
This
Image obtained January 31, 2016 from NASA shows a self-portrait of
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover vehicle at "Namib Dune," where the rover's
activities included scuffing into the dune with a wheel and scooping
samples of sand for laboratory analysis. The scene combines 57 images
taken on Jan. 19, 2016, during the 1,228th Martian day, or sol, of
Curiosity's work on Mars. Photo: AFP
Records of potato cultivation date back to 2500 BC, when the indigenous Aymara Indians farmed it in modern-day Peru and Bolivia.
If the varieties selected for next month's experiment don't adapt to
the desert soil, the researchers will introduce nutrients and subject
them to radiation.
"If that doesn't work," Valdivia said, "we'll administer a new method the CIP is using called aeroponics."
The technique, used for cultivating plants without soil, would expose
roots inside a sphere or cube that is sprayed with nutrients and
contains a system for removing toxins.
In future years, NASA plans to build a Mars research center in the Peruvian desert.
It would create a perfect replica of the Martian landscape and
atmosphere for future research into space farming that could serve
manned missions to Mars and other planets in the solar system.
